Thus, abnormally overactive WM may support hallucinations that occur in the absence of real sensory input. Auditory hallucinations are mediated by D2R activation, which also improves WM ( Tarantino, Sharp, Geyer, Meves, & Young, 2011). WM enables us to hold the contents of our conscious awareness, even in the absence of real sensory input, by maintaining an active representation of information for a brief period ( Courtney, Petit, Haxby, & Ungerleider, 1998). Therefore, any impairment in the water-finding test may provide a clue for delusional information processing in mouse models. Hallucinogenic drugs such as METH and PCP induce impairments of latent learning, WM, and PPI in mouse models of schizophrenia in relation with DA hypothesis ( Mouri et al., 2007 Nabeshima et al., 2006 Nabeshima et al., 1994). The learning of causal relationships between unrelated events is seen as the impairment of associative learning and associated with the delusion in schizophrenia ( Jardri & Deneve, 2013). The latent learning is an associate learning which is essential for correctly matching the prior beliefs with the novel observations and understand causal relationships between related events. This test examines the capability of a mouse to associate a provided clue (the location, which is briefly explored in the training session) with the desired object (the water, in a test session after 24 h). The water-finding test is used to evaluate WM as well as latent learning ( Nabeshima et al., 1994). The Y-maze test is widely used for the evaluation of WM (or short-term memory) and requires immediate sequential association of movements and different visual stimuli ( Nabeshima et al., 1994 Yamada et al., 1996). Tursun Alkam, Toshitaka Nabeshima, in Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience, 2016 Y-Maze Test and Water-Finding Test
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